Divergent thinking, ideation, originality, flexibility, domains of performance, implicit theories, problem finding

Adams J. 1980. Conceptual Blockbusting. New York: Norton Albert RS. 1980. Family position and the attainment of eminence: a study of special family positions and special family experiences. Gifted Child Q. 24:87–95 Albert RS, ed. 1983. Genius and Eminence: A Social Psychology of Creativity and Exceptional Achievement. Oxford: Pergamon Albert RS. 2003. The achievement of eminence as an evolutionary strategy. See Runco 2003b. In press Albert RS, Runco MA. 1986. The achievement of eminence: a model of exceptionally gifted boys and their families. In Conceptions of Giftedness, ed.RSternberg, JE Davidson, pp. 332–57. New York: Cambridge Univ. Press Albert RS, Runco MA. 1989. Independence and cognitive ability in gifted and exceptionally gifted boys. J. Youth Adolesc. 18:221— 30 Albert RS, Runco MA. 1999. The history of creativity research. In Handbook of Human Creativity, ed. RS Sternberg, pp. 16–31. New York: Cambridge Univ. Press Albert T, Pantey C,Wiendruch C, Rockstroh B, Taub E. 1995. Increased cortical representation of the fingers of the left hand in string players. Science 270(13):305–7 Amabile TM. 2003. Within you, without you: towards a social psychology of creativity, and beyond. See Runco & Albert 2003. In press Amabile TM, Gryskiewicz ND. 1989. The Creative EnvironmentWork Scales:Work Environment Inventory. Creat. Res. J. 2:231–54 Andreasen NC. 1997. Creativity and mental illness: prevalence rates in writers and their first-degree relatives. See Runco & Richards 1997, pp. 7–18 Arieti S. 1976. The Magic Synthesis.NewYork: Basic Books Aviram A, Milgram RM. 1977. Dogmatism, locus of control, and creativity in children educated in the Soviet Union, the United States, and Israel. Psychol. Rep. 40:27–34 Baer J. 2003. Sex differences. See Runco 2003b. In press Barron F. 1972. Artists in the Making. New York: Seminar Press Barron F, Harrington D. 1981. Creativity, intelligence, and personality. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 32:439–76 Basadur M. 1994. Managing creativity in organizations. In ProblemFinding,Problem Solving, and Creativity, ed. MA Runco, pp. 237– 68. Norwood, NJ: Ablex Becker G. 1978. The Mad Genius Controversy. Newbury Park: Sage Bloom M, ed. 2001. Promoting Creativity Across the Lifespan. Washington, DC: Child Welf. League Am. Boorstin DJ. 1992. The Creators: A History of the Heroes of the Imagination. New York: Random House Bruner J. 1962. The conditions of creativity. In On Knowing: Essays for the Left Hand, ed. J Bruner. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press Campbell D. 1960. Blind variation and selective retention in creative thought as in other CREATIVITY 681 knowledge processes. Psychol. Rev. 67:380– 400 Carson DK, Runco MA. 1999. Creative problem solving and problem finding in young adults: interconnections with stress, hassles, and coping abilities. J. Creat. Behav. 33:167– 90 Chand I, Runco MA. 1992. Problem finding skills as components in the creative process. Personal. Individ. Differ. 14:155–62 Cohen LM. 1989. A continuum of adaptive creative behaviors. Creat. Res. J. 2:169–83 Cohen LM, Ambrose D. 1999. Adaptation and creativity. See Runco & Pritzker 1999, pp. 9–22 Cohen-Shalev A. 1986. Artistic creativity across the adult life span: an alternative approach. Interchange 17:1–16 Cohen-Shalev A. 1989. Old age style: developmental changes in creative production from a life-span perspective. J. Aging Stud. 3:21–37 Csikszentmihalyi M. 2003. The domain of creativity. See Runco & Albert 2003. In press Csikszentmihalyi M, Getzels JW. 1971. Discovery-oriented behavior and the originality of creative products: a study with artists. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 19:47–52 Davis S, Keegan R, Gruber HE. 2003. Creativity as purposeful work: the evolving systems view. See Runco 2003a. In press Dhillon PK, Mehra D. 1987. The influence of social class and sex on primary school children’s creative thinking. Asian J. Psychol. Educ. 19:1–10 Diamond M, Scheibel A, Murphy G, Harvey T. 1985. On the brain of a scientist: Albert Einstein. Exp. Neurol. 88:198–204 Domino G. 1989. Synesthesia and creativity in fine arts students: an empirical look. Creat. Res. J. 2:17–29 Domino G. 2003. Assessment of creativity on the ACL: an empirical comparison of four scales. Creat. Res. J. In press Dudek SZ. 2003. Art and aesthetics. See Runco 2003b. In press Dudek SZ, Hall W. 1991. Personality consistency: eminent architects 25 years later. Creat. Res. J. 4:213–32 Dudek SZ, Strobel MG, Runco MA. 1993. Cumulative and proximal influences of the social environment on creative potential. J. Genet. Psychol. 154:487–99 Dudek SZ, Verreault R. 1989. The creative thinking and ego functioning of children. Creat. Res. J. 2:64–86 Edwards B. 1989. Drawing on the Right Side of the Brain. Los Angeles: Tarcher Eisenman R. 1991. Creativity: Is it disruptive? Creat. Child Adult Q. 16:223–37 Elliott PC. 1986. Right (or left) brain cognition, wrong metaphor for creative behavior: It is prefrontal lobe volition that makes the (human/humane) difference in release of creative potential. J. Creat. Behav. 20:202– 14 Epstein R. 2003. Generativity theory as a theory of creativity. See Runco & Albert 2003. In press Eysenck HJ. 1999. Personality and creativity. In Creativity Research Handbook, ed. MA Runco. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press Feist GJ, Runco MA. 1993. Trends in the creativity literature: an analysis of research in the Journal of Creative Behavior (1967– 1989). Creat. Res. J. 6:271–86 Flach F. 1990. Disorders of the pathways involved in the creative process. Creat. Res. J. 3:158–65 Gardner H. 1982. Art, Mind, and Brain. New York: Basic Books Gardner H. 1983. Frames of Mind. New York: Basic Books Gardner H. 1993. Creative Minds. New York: Basic Books Gaynor JLR, Runco MA. 1992. Family size, birth order, age-interval, and the creativity of children. J. Creat. Behav. 26:108–18 Getzels J, Jackson P. 1962. Creativity and Intelligence: Explorations with Gifted Students. New York: Wiley Gibbs R. 1999. Metaphors. See Runco & Pritzker 1999, pp. 209–20 Goswami A. 1999. Quantum theory of creativity. See Runco & Pritzker 1999, pp. 491–500 Gott K. 1992. Enhancing creativity in older adults. J. Creat. Behav. 26:40–49 682 RUNCO Gott K. 1993. Creativity and life satisfaction of older adults. Educ. Gerontol. 19:241–50 Gough HG, Heilbrun AB. 1980. The Adjective Check List Manual. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychol. Press Gould SJ. 2002. The Structure of Evolutionary Theory. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press Graham BC, Sawyers JK, DeBord KB. 1989. Teachers creativity, playfulness, and style of interaction with children. Creat. Res. J. 2:41– 50 Gruber HE. 1981a. On the relation between ‘a ha’ experiences and the construction of ideas. Hist. Sci. 19:41–59 Gruber HE. 1981b. Darwin on Man: A Psychological Study of Scientific Creativity. Univ. Chicago Press. 2nd ed. Gruber HE. 1988. The evolving systems approach to creative work. Creat. Res. J. 1:27– 51 Gruber HE. 1993. Creativity in the moral domain: ought implies can implies create. Creat. Res. J. 6:3–16 Gruber HE. 1999. Jean Piaget. See Runco & Pritzker 1999, pp. 381–86 Guilford JP. 1950. Creativity. Am. Psychol. 5:444–54 Guilford JP. 1968. Creativity, Intelligence, and Their Educational Implications. San Diego: EDITS/Robert Knapp Harrington DM. 1975. Effects of explicit instructions to “be creative” on the psychological meaning of divergent thinking test scores. J. Personal. 43:434–54 Harrington DM, Block J, Block JH. 1983. Predicting creativity in preadolescence from divergent thinking in early childhood. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 45:609–23 Hasirci D, Demirkan H. 2003. Creativity in learning environments: the case of two sixth grade art rooms. J. Creat. Behav. 37:17–41 Hayes JR. 1978. Cognitive Psychology. Homewood, IL: Dorsey Heinzen T. 1994. Situational affect: proactive and reactive creativity. See Shaw & Runco 1994, pp. 127–46 Helson R. 1990. Creativity inwomen: inner and outer views over time. Theories of Creativity, eds. MA Runco, RS Albert, pp. 46–58. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Hershman DJ, Lieb J. 1998. Manic Depression and Creativity. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books Hogg J. 1993. Creative, personal, and social engagement in the later years: realization through leisure. Ir. J. Psychol. 14:204– 18 Holmes TH, Rahe RH. 1967. The Social Readjustment Rating Scale. J. Psychom. Res. 11:213–18 Hoppe K, Kyle N. 1991. Dual brain, creativity, and health. Creat. Res. J. 3:150–57 Houtz J, ed. 2003. An Educational Psychology of Creativity. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press Isaksen SG, Murdock MC, Firestien R, Treffinger DJ, eds. 1994. Understanding and Recognizing Creativity. Norwood, NJ: Ablex Jakab PL. 1999.Wilbur and Orville Wright. See Runco & Pritzker 1999, pp. 721–26 Jamison K. 1997. Mood disorders and patterns of creativity in British writers and artists. See Runco & Richards 1997, pp. 19–32 Jaquish GA, Ripple RE. 1981. Cognitive creative abilities and self-esteem across the adult life-span. Hum. Dev. 24:110–19 Jaquish GA, Ripple RE. 1984–1985. A lifespan developmental cross-cultural study of divergent thinking abilities. Int. J. Hum. Dev. 20:1–11 Jay E, Perkins D. 1997. Problem finding: the search for mechanism. In Creativity Research Handbook, Vol. 1, ed.MARunco, pp. 257–93. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press Jeffrey L. 1999. William Wordsworth. See Runco & Pritzker 1999, pp. 715–20 Johnson D, Runco MA, Raina MK. 2003. Parents’ and teachers’ implicit theories of children’s creativity: a cross-cultural perspective. Creat. Res. J. 14:427–38 Johnson LD. 1985. Creative thinking potential: another example of U-shaped development? Creat. Child Adult Q. 10:146–59 Johnson-Laird P. 1999. Logic and reasoning. See Runco & Pritzker 1999, pp. 155–61 CREATIVITY 683 Katz A. 1997. Creativity in the cerebral hemispheres. In Creativity Research Handbook, ed. MA Runco, pp. 203–26. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press Kaun DE. 1991. Writers die young: the impact of work and leisure on longevity. J. Econ. Psychol. 12:381–99 Kay S. 1991. The figural problem finding and problem solving of professional and semiprofessional artists and nonartists. Creat. Res. J. 4:233–52 Keegan R. 1999. Charles Darwin. See Runco& Pritzker 1999, pp. 493–500 Khandwalla PN. 1993. An exploratory study of divergent thinking through protocol analysis. Creat. Res. J. 6:241–60 Kogan N. 1974. Creativity and sex differences. J. Creat. Behav. 8:1–13 Lehman HC. 1962. The creative production rates of present versus past generations of scientists. J. Gerontol. 17:409–17 Lehman HC. 1966. The psychologist’s most creative years. Psychology. 21:363–69 Lester D. 1999. Sylvia Plath. See Runco & Pritzker 1999, pp. 387–92 Lichtenwalner JS, Maxwell JW. 1969. The relationship of birth order and socioeconomic status to the creativity of preschool children. Child Dev. 40:1241–47 Lindauer MS. 1992. Creativity in aging artists: contributions from the humanities to the psychology of old age. Creat. Res. J. 5:211– 31 Lindauer MS. 1993. The span of creativity among long-lived historical artists. Creat. Res. J. 6:221–39 Ludwig A. 1988. Method and madness in the arts and sciences. Creat. Res. J. 11:93–101 Ludwig A. 1995. The Price of Greatness. New York: Guilford Lumsden CJ, Findlay CS. 1988. Evolution of the creative mind. Creat. Res. J. 1:75–91 Machotka P. 1999. Paul Cezanne. See Runco & Pritzker 1999, pp. 251–58 MacKinnon D. 1983 (1960). The highly effective individual. See Albert 1983, pp. 114–27 Martindale C, Greenough J. 1973. The differential effect of increased arousal on creative and intellectual performance. J. Genet. Psychol. 123:329–35 Martindale C, Hasenfus N. 1978. EEG differences as a function of creativity, stage of the creative process, and effort to be original. Biol. Psychol. 6:157–67 Maslow AH. 1971. The Farther Reaches of Human Nature. New York: Viking Press McCrae RR, Arenberg D, Costa PT Jr. 1987. Declines in divergent thinking with age: cross-sectional, longitudinal, and crosssequential analyses. Psychol. Aging. 2:130– 37 McLaren R. 1993. The dark side of creativity. Creat. Res. J. 6:137–44 Mednick SA. 1962. The associative basis for the creative process. Psychol. Rev. 69:200–32 Mendelsohn GA. 1976. Associative and attentional processes in creative performance. J. Personal. 44:341–69 MilgramRM,Milgram N. 1976. Creative thinking and creative performance in Israeli students. J. Educ. Psychol. 68:255–58 Miller HB, Sawyers JK. 1989. A comparison of self and teachers’ ratings of creativity in fifth grade children. Creat. Child Adult Q. 14:179–85, 229–38 Moldoveanu MC, Langer E. 1999. Mindfulness. See Runco&Pritzker 1999, pp. 221–34 Montuori A, Purser R, eds. 1999. Social Creativity, Vols. 1, 2. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press Morrison D. 1999. Lewis Carroll. See Runco & Pritzker 1999, pp. 245–50 Mraz W, Runco MA. 1994. Suicide ideation and creative problem solving. Suicide Life Threat. Behav. 24:38–47 Mumford MD, Gustafson SB. 1988. Creativity syndrome: integration, application, and innovation. Psychol. Bull. 103:27–43 MumfordMD,Mobley MI, Uhlman CE, Reiter- Palmon R, Doares LM. 1991. Process analytic models of creative capacities. Creat. Res. J. 4:91–122 Mumford MD, Olsen KA, James LR. 1989. Age-related changes in the likelihood of major contributions. Int. Aging Hum. Dev. 29:9– 32 684 RUNCO Murdock M, Moore M. 2003. Creativity and qualitative research. In Creativity Research Handbook, Vol. 2, ed. MA Runco. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press. In press Murray HA. 1938. Explorations in Personality. New York: Oxford Univ. Press Nemiro J. 1997. Interpretive artists: a qualitative study of the creativity of actors. Creat. Res. J. 10:229–39 Noble EP, Runco MA, Ozkaragoz TZ. 1993. Creativity in alcoholic and nonalcoholic families. Alcohol 10:317–22 Norlander T. 2000. Conceptual convergence in creativity: incubation and brain disease state. Creat. Res. J. 13:329–33 Norlander T, Gustafson R. 1997. Effects of alcohol on picture drawing during the verification phase of the creative process. Creat. Res. J. 10:355–62 Nunnally JC. 1978. Psychometric Theory. New York: McGraw-Hill. 2nd ed. Okuda SM, Runco MA, Berger DE. 1991. Creativity and the finding and solving of real-world problems. J. Psychoeduc. Assess. 9:45–53 O’Quin K, Bessemer S. 1989. The development, reliability, and validity of the revised creative product semantic scale. Creat. Res. J. 2:268–78 Osborn A. 1953. Applied Imagination. New York: Scribner’s Osowski JV. 1989. Ensembles of metaphor in the psychology of William James. In Creative People at Work, ed. DB Wallace, H Gruber, pp. 127–46. NewYork: Oxford Univ. Press Pariser D. 1991. Normal and unusual aspects of juvenile artistic development in Klee, Lautrec, and Picasso. Creat. Res. J. 4:51–65 Parnes S, Meadow A. 1959. Effects of brainstorming instruction on creative problem solving of trained and untrained subjects. J. Educ. Psychol. 50:171–76 Patrick C. 1935. Creative thought in poets. Arch. Psychol. 26:1–74 Patrick C. 1937. Creative thought in artists. J. Psychol. 4:35–73 Paulus PP, Nijstad BA, eds. 2003. Group Creativity. New York: Oxford Univ. Press. In press Pennebaker JW, Kiecolt-Glaser JK, Glaser R. 1997. Disclosure of trauma and immune functioning: health implications for psychotherapy. See Runco & Richards 1997, pp. 287–302 Plucker J. 2000. Beware of hasty, simple conclusions: the case for content generality of creativity. Creat. Res. J. 11:179–182 Plucker J, Runco MA. 1999. Deviance. See Runco & Pritzker 1999, pp. 541–45 Policastro E. 1999. Intuition. See Runco & Pritzker 1999, pp. 89–94 Pollert LH, Feldhusen JF, Van Mondfrans AP, Treffinger DJ. 1969. Role of memory in divergent thinking. Psychol. Rep. 25:151–56 Pritzker S. 1999. Writing and creativity. See Runco & Pritzker 1999, pp. 727–37 Pryor KW, Haag R, O’Reilly J. 1969. The creative porpoise: training for novel behavior. J. Exp. Anal. Behav. 12:653–61 Raina MK. 1984. Social and Cultural Change and Changes in Creative Functioning in Children. New Delhi: Natl. Counc. Educ. Res. Training Raina MK. 1997. Most dear to all the Muses: mapping Tagorean networks of enterprize. Creat. Res. J. 10:153–73 Reis SM. 1999. Women and creativity. See Runco & Pritzker 1999, pp. 699–708 Reiter-Palmon R, Mumford MD, Boes JO, Runco MA. 1997. Problem construction and creativity: the role of ability, cue consistency, and active processing. Creat. Res. J. 9:9–23 Rhodes M. 1961/1987. An analysis of creativity. In Frontiers of Creativity Research: Beyond the Basics, ed. SG Isaksen, pp. 216–22. Buffalo, NY: Bearly Richards R. 1990. Everyday creativity, eminent creativity, and health: afterview for CRJ issues on creativity and health. Creat. Res. J. 3:300–26 Richards R, Kinney DK, Benet M, Merzel APC. 1988. Assessing everyday creativity: characteristics of the Lifetime Creativity Scales and validation with three large samples. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 54:476–85 CREATIVITY 685 Rickards T, deCock C. 2003. Understanding organizational creativity: toward a multiparadigmatic approach. See Runco 2003a. In press Rogers C. 1970. Toward a theory of creativity. In Creativity, ed. PE Vernon, pp. 137–51. New York: Penguin Root-Bernstein R. 1988. Discovering. Cambridge Univ. Press Rothenberg A. 1990. Creativity, mental health, and alcoholism. Creat. Res. J. 3:179–201 Rothenberg A. 1999. Janusian process. See Runco & Pritzker 1999, pp. 103–8 Rubenson DE. 1991. Creativity, economics, and baseball. Creat. Res. J. 4:205–8 Rubenson DL, Runco MA. 1992. The psychoeconomic approach to creativity. New Ideas Psychol. 10:131–47 Rubenson DL, Runco MA. 1995. The psychoeconomic view of creative work in groups and organizations. Creativ. Innovat. Manag. 4:232–41 Runco MA. 1984. Teachers’ judgments of creativity and social validation of divergent thinking tests. Percept. Mot. Skills 59:711– 17 Runco MA. 1986. Flexibility and originality in children’s divergent thinking. J. Psychol. 120:345–52 RuncoMA.1989. Parents’ and teachers’ ratings of the creativity of children. J. Soc. Behav. Personal. 4:73–83 Runco MA. 1991a. Divergent Thinking. Norwood, NJ: Ablex Runco MA. 1991b. On economic theories of creativity [comment]. Creat. Res. J. 4:198– 200 Runco MA. 1991c. On investment and creativity: a response to Sternberg and Lubart [comment]. Creat. Res. J. 4:202–5 Runco MA. 1992. Creativity as an Educational Objective for Disadvantaged Students. Storrs, CT: Natl. Res. Cent. Gift. Talent. Runco MA. 1994. Creativity and its discontents. See Shaw & Runco 1994, pp. 102–23 Runco MA. 1995. The creativity and job satisfaction of artists in organizations. Empiric. Stud. Arts 13:39–45 Runco MA. 1996. Personal creativity: definition and developmental issues. New Dir. Child Dev. 72(Summer):3–30 Runco MA, ed. 1998a. Creativity Research Handbook, Vol. 1. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press Runco MA. 1998b. Suicide and creativity: the case of Sylvia Plath. Death Stud. 22:637– 54 Runco MA. 1999a. Chronology of significant events in the history of creativity research. See Runco & Pritzker 1999 Runco MA. 1999b. Self-actualization and creativity. See Runco & Pritzker 1999, pp. 533– 36 Runco MA. 1999c. Time for creativity. See Runco & Pritzker 1999, pp. 659–63 Runco MA. 1999d. Misjudgment. See Runco & Pritzker 1999, pp. 235–40 Runco MA. 1999e. Perspective. See Runco & Pritzker 1999, pp. 373–76 Runco MA, ed. 2003a. Creativity Research Handbook, Vol. 2. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press. In press Runco MA, ed. 2003b. Creativity Research Handbook, Vol. 3. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press. In press Runco MA, Albert RS. 1987. The threshold hypothesis regarding creativity and intelligence: an empirical test with gifted and nongifted children. Creat. Child Adult Q. 11:212–18 Runco MA, Bahleda MD. 1987. Implicit theories of artistic, scientific, and everyday creativity. J. Creat. Behav. 20:93–98 Runco MA, Basadur M. 1993. Assessing ideational and evaluative skills and creative styles and attitudes. Creat. Innovat. Manag. 2:166–73 Runco MA, Charles R. 1993. Judgments of originality and appropriateness as predictors of creativity. Personal. Individ. Differ. 15:537–46 Runco MA, Charles R. 1997. Developmental trends in creativity. In Creativity Research Handbook, ed. MA Runco. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press Runco MA, Ebersole P, Mraz W. 1990. Self 686 RUNCO actualization and creativity. J. Soc. Behav. Personal. 6:161–67 Runco MA, Johnson D, Bear P. 1992. Parents’ and teachers’ implicit theories of children’s creativity. Child Stud. J. 23:91–113 Runco MA, Mraz W. 1992. Scoring divergent thinking tests using total ideational output and a creativity index. Educ. Psychol. Meas. 52:213–21 Runco MA, Nemiro J, Walberg H. 1997. Personal explicit theories of creativity. J. Creat. Behav. 31:43–59 Runco MA, Noble EP, Luptak Y. 1990. Agreement between mothers and sons on ratings of creative activity. Educ. Psychol. Meas. 50:673–80 Runco MA, Pritzker SR, eds. 1999. Encyclopedia of Creativity. San Diego, CA: Academic Runco MA, Richards R, eds. 1997. Eminent Creativity, Everyday Creativity, and Health. Norwood, NJ: Ablex Sanguinetti C, Kavaler-Adler S. 1999. Anne Sexton. See Runco&Pritzker 1999, pp. 551– 58 Sass LA, Schuldberg D. 2001. Introduction to the special issue: creativity and the schizophrenia spectrum. Creat. Res. J. 13(1):1–4 Sawyers JE, Canastero N. 1989. Creativity and achievement in design coursework. Creat. Res. J. 2:125–33 Schuldberg D. 1997. Schizotypal and hypomanic traits, creativity, and psychological health. See Runco&Richards 1997, pp. 157– 72 Service R. 2003. Organizational innovativeness: a comprehensive review and models. In Creativity Research Handbook, Vol. 2, ed. MA Runco. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press ShawMP, Runco MA, eds. 1994. Creativity and Affect. Norwood, NJ: Ablex Shlain L. 1999. Zeitgeist. See Runco&Pritzker 1999, pp. 737–43 Simon HA, Chase W. 1973. Skill in chess. Am. Sci. 61:394–403 Simonton DK. 1984. Genius, Creativity, and Leadership. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press Simonton DK. 1988. Scientific Genius. New York: Cambridge Univ. Press Simonton DK. 1991. Political pathology and societal creativity. Creat. Res. J. 3:85–99 Simonton DK. 1999.William Shakespeare. See Runco & Pritzker 1999, pp. 559–64 Simonton DK. 2003. See Runco&Albert 2003. In press Sing L. 2003. Creat. Res. J. In press Singer JL. 1999. Imagination. See Runco & Pritzker 1999, pp. 13–26 Smith GJW. 1999. Perceptgenesis. See Runco & Pritzker 1999, pp. 347–54 Smith GJW, Carlsson I, Andersson G. 1989. Creativity and subliminal manipulations of projected self-images. Creat. Res. J. 2:1– 16 Smith KLR, Michael WB, Hocevar D. 1990. Performance on creativity measures with examination-taking instructions intended to induce high or low levels of test anxiety. Creat. Res. J. 3:265–80 Smith SM, Dodds R. 1999. Incubation. See Runco & Pritzker 1999, pp. 39–44 Solomon B, Powell K, Gardner H. 1999. Multiple intelligences. See Runco&Pritzker 1999, pp. 273–83 Sperry RW. 1964. The great cerebral commissure. Sci. Amer. 210:42–52 Srivastava B. 1982. A study of creative abilities in relation to socioeconomic status and culture. Perspect. Psychol. Res. 5:37–40 Stein M. 1993. Moral issues facing intermediaries between creators and the public. Creat. Res. J. 6:197–200 Sternberg RJ. 1981. Implicit theories of intelligence, creativity, and wisdom. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 49:607–27 Sternberg RJ, Davidson JE. 1999. Insight. See Runco & Pritzker 1999, pp. 57–70 Sternberg RJ, Lubart T. 1991. Short selling investment theories of creativity? A reply to Runco. Creat. Res. J. 4:202–5 Sternberg RS, ed. 1999. Handbook of Human Creativity.NewYork: Cambridge Univ. Press Stohs JH. 1992. Intrinsic motivation and CREATIVITY 687 sustained art activity among male fine and applied artists. Creat. Res. J. 5:245–52 Stokes P. 1999. Novelty. See Runco & Pritzker 1999, pp. 297–304 Sulloway F. 1996. Born to Rebel. New York: Pantheon Tahir L. 1999. George Bernard Shaw. See Runco & Pritzker 1999, pp. 565–70 Tegano DW, Moran JD III. 1989. Sex differences in the original thinking of preschool and elementary school children. Creat. Res. J. 2:102–10 TenHouten W. 1994. See Shaw & Runco 1994 Toplyn G, McGuire W. 1990. The differential effect of noise on creative task performance. Creat. Res. J. 4:337–48 Torrance EP. 1968. A longitudinal examination of the fourth-grade slump in creativity. Gifted Child Q. 12:195–99 Torrance EP. 1971. Are the Torrance tests of creative thinking biased against or in favor of “disadvantaged” groups? Gifted Child Q. 15:75–80 Torrance EP. 1974. Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking: Norms and Technical Manual. Bensenville, IL: Scholastic Test. Serv. VanTassel-Baska J. 1999. Bronte sisters. See Runco & Pritzker 1999, pp. 229–34 Wakefield JF. 1985. Towards creativity: problem finding in a divergent-thinking exercise. Child Study J. 15:265–70 Walberg HJ, Stariha WE. 1992. Productive human capital: learning, creativity, and eminence. Creat. Res. J. 5:323–40 Wallace DB. 1991. The genesis and microgenesis of sudden insight in the creation of literature. Creat. Res. J. 4:41–50 Wallach MA. 1970. Creativity. Carmichael’s Handbook of Child Psychology, ed. P Mussen, pp. 1211–72. New York: Wiley Wallach MA, Kogan N. 1965. Modes of Thinking in Young Children. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston Wallach MA, Wing C. 1969. The Talented Student. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston Wallas G. 1926. The Art of Thought. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Ward T, Smith S. 2003. See Runco 2003b. In press Watson JD. 1968. The Double Helix.NewYork: Atheneum Wicker A. 1985. Getting out of our conceptual ruts. Am. Psychol. 40:1094–103 Wilson EO. 1978. On Human Nature. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press Witt LA, Beorkrem M. 1989. Climate for creative productivity as a predictor of research usefulness and organizational effectiveness in an R&D organization. Creat. Res. J. 2:30– 40 Zajonc RB, Markus GB. 1975. Birth order and intellectual development. Psychol. Rev. 82:74–88 Zausner T. 1998. When walls become doorways: creativity, chaos theory, and physical illness. Creat. Res. J. 11:21–32 Zausner T. 1999. Georgia O’Keeffe. See Runco & Pritzker 1999, pp. 305–10